Osseointegration is to a considerable extent dependent on the implant surface. To evaluate the effect of HA^nano Surface on different surface roughnesses, three different in vivo studies with HA^nano Surface modified and unmodified implants were evaluated.

The aggregated results from these studies clearly demonstrate that HA^nano Surface facilitates and enhances the osseointegration process during the early phases of healing. The enhancement can be seen regardless of the underlying surface roughness. It is also shown that the roughness itself is not affected by the application of HA^nano Surface. Thus, HA^nano Surface can be applied to a range of implants – with rough to smooth surfaces – to accelerate and enhance osseointegration.

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Traditional hydroxyapatite coatings form thick layers on the implant surface, that is easily damaged when the implants are inserted. Compared to traditional coatings, where bone anchors to the coating, HA^nano Surface does not act as an interface separating bone from the implant. Since HA^nano Surface is particle based there is no risk for cracking or delamination of the coating.

Unmodified and HA^nano Surface modified titanium, ceramic, and PEEK implants were evaluated prior to and after implantation into a cortical bone model with Scanning Electron Microscopy. The result showed that the hydroxyapatite crystals still covered the entire implant surface after removal. This shows that HA^nano Surface is well-adhered to PEEK, ceramic and titanium surfaces.

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To achieve reduced healing time and faster osseointegration for implants, a reactive response from surrounding cells and tissue must be induced to assure cellular adhesion. Surface roughness and hydrophilicity both play key roles with respect to osseointegration

HA^nano Surface significantly improves the hydrophilicity of the implant material. This catalyzes the biological response and facilitates absorption of body fluids into small pores and cavities on the implant surface. The nanometer-sized hydroxyapatite crystals enable increased recruitment and attachment of bone cells to the implant, thus accelerating bone growth.

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